To compare and contrast two films Essay Example

To compare and contrast two films Essay The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two films made by two different directors of, Romeo and Juliet. The two directors made the same story into a movie. There is a difference between the two though, one is an old 1968 version and the other is a more modern 1996 version. The 1968 version, Zefferellis version, was truer to Shakespeares original, while the 1996 version, Luhrmans version, had its own originality. In this essay Im going to compare and contrast the two.The events that happen in Zefferellis film is completely different from the events in Luhrmanns film. Zefferelli being true to Shakespeare and Luhrmann being modern and true to rock and roll there has to be differences. For instance the opening events in Zefferellis version are much closer to the way Shakespeare would probably want it. The way it starts is a little more appealing to the older generation because it starts of with the narrator, Lawrence Olivier, speaking with his soothing voice as the camera sl owly pans the gentle landscape of Verona City.Also in Zefferellis film the Capulets start the argument by biting their thumb at the Montagues, then Tybalt, played by Micheal Yorke, comes and turns the argument into a fight, and instead of the police stopping it is the Prince who stops it. Where as in the Luhrmann version it is very different. In the start of it there is a news reporter on a television screen speaking and recreating the prologue but in a 20th century way. While the woman is speaking she fades and the narrator, Pete Possewaite, starts to speak and at the same time the camera shows clips of Verona City 20th century style with neon signs, skyscrapers, billboards and statues.Also in this version there is a fight but instead of the fight being at the market it is at a gas station and instead of the Montagues being brave, calm, peaceful people like in the Zefferelli version they are loud, cowardly, peace disturbing people. Also in the Luhrmann version the Montagues are the jokers instead of the Capulets as in the Zeffirelli version. Both events have different effects on the audience. Zeffferellis effect on me was it gave me a little calm humour at the start then a little excitement with the fight and back down to calm but with no humour. You wont be as fond of it if you arent into 16th century style movies. Where as the Luhrmann version gives excitement and jokes right the way through, and it makes you feel interested by their terminology but confused by the speed because so much things are happening at once.There is a big difference between the settings and props used in the two films. In Zefferellis film the props looked cheap but they used them wisely. For instance Zefferellis version was set in the 16th century medieval market place in Verona, Italy. It is a hot sunny afternoon with market stalls filled with fruit and vegetables, horses trotting around, bells ringing, and when the chaos breaks out theres men fighting with steel swords and plenty of market people running around. I think it cost a lot to do all that back in those days but its nothing compared to the cost of Luhrmanns film.Luhrmanns film was a lot more high-tech than Zefferellis film. For instance instead of black and brown horses there was almost every colour car you can think of. There has to be though because its set in the 20th century in a fictional Verona, which was filmed in Mexico, California, and Miami. It had props like skyscrapers, guns (which they referred to as swords), cars, televisions, a gas station, and they even had helicopters but the best touch was the statue in the middle of the city separating the two families Capulets and Montagues. All this played had a similar effect on the audience with both Zefferelli and Luhrmanns films. They both help you feel like its real because of the detail they put into this particular aspect, which is one of the few things they both have in common.The acting is, in my opinion, one of the biggest advantages Z efferellis version has over Luhrmanns. The actors in Zefferellis film play their parts like it was made for them. They might seem old fashioned with their costumes but they make the costumes work for them, and they speak clearly, plus they have the accents with facial expressions and body language down pact. For example Tybalt, who is played by Micheal Yorke and is supposed to be a dark, evil and mysterious character with no love for any Montague, is played perfectly.The accent is evil, the expressions hateful and even the body language is mysterious. I havent seen Leonard Whiting or Olivia Hussey, who are Romeo and Juliet, act yet but judging by the high quality of acting I have high expectations. Even the narrator plays his part correctly. The way he speaks is calm and gentle just sets the scene and tone. In the Luhrmann film although the acting is good it is not as good as the acting in the Zefferelli film. For example, the man that played Tybalt, John Leguizimo, didnt quite get the accent right because it was a mix of Latino, American and Italian but he did get the dark, evil and mysterious aspect across. Also the narrators part was read exquisitely by Pete Possewaite like in Zeffirellis version.Once again I havent seen Leonardo Dicaprio or Clare Danes, who are Romeo and Juliet, act yet and Im not sure what to expect in this film because it is very unpredictable. The acting in both films was good though and acting has a huge impact on the audience. If the acting is absolute garbage and everything else is great then the movie still would not be that great. The Zefferelli actors have a better effect on the audience, the same as the Luhrmann actors but better, because the acting helps you to get to know the characters and makes you love, like, dislike or hate a character and gets you into the movie a bit more, which is one advantage Zefferelli has over Luhrmann.Camera shots and angles is another big part in a film. There are many different types of camera sho ts and angles and many of them were used in both Zefferellis and Luhrmanns films. In Zefferellis movie he used a lot of long, high and medium angle shots, to show Veronas lovely landscape, with a lot of panoramics which helps you appreciate the beauty of Verona. Also before and after the fight started he used a lot of sow zooming and close ups to build up tension, which is what Luhrmann, pretty much, done.There is a difference though, Luhrmann takes advantage of the technology and uses higher angle shots, moves the camera faster so the shots and sequences go faster, a lot of extreme close ups, point of view shots, zooms and medium shots. The panoramics are much faster though but there are much more which builds up a lot pf tension and makes the film a lot more suspenseful. That makes a big impact on the audience because in Zefferellis film the camera shots and angles help the audience further understand whats happening and build up tension. Where as in the Luhrmann version the camer a shots and angles confuse the audience a bit but still build tension.Sound effects, put together with the camera shots and angles, also play a big part in a movie. This is one aspect, I think, Luhrmann definitely has over Zefferelli. Zefferellis sound effects are great but Luhrmanns are better. In Zefferellis film during the prologue you hear slow, gentle and soothing instrumental music that coordinates with the narrators calm and relaxing voice. After that it switches to the market place where you hear the sounds of people talking quite loud. Then suddenly the sounds get louder and you start to hear more sounds like horses and their hooves, shouting and bells.During the fight, though, you could hear all those things plus screaming, swords clattering, and trumpets blowing which creates the atmosphere. However, Luhrmanns sound effects were different. During the prologue you could hear classical church music which the switched to rock after the prologue and then to punk, all of the i nstrumental. After that you could hear the sound of car engines and burning car tires scratching against the pavement, which are some sound effects he used a lot.When the fight broke out you could hear screams, instrumental Latin music, the cling clang of the spurs on the Capulets boots and just before you could Tybalts match as it plummeted to the asphalt. Then after the fight when Tybalt began to chase Benvolio you could hear the busy traffic of Verona with people beeping their car horns and sirens of the police cars with the propellers of police helicopters in the background which was a nice touch because its the 20th century and the police dont chase people with horses anymore, but both Zefferelli and Luhrmanns sound effects were fantastic but I prefer Luhrmanns. Zefferellis sound effects create the realistic atmosphere for the audience, yet still it doesnt create the atmospheric feeling as well as Luhrmanns.There are a lot of emotions a film could make you feel. They can make y ou feel happy by making you laugh, sad by making you cry, or even angry because of what someone has done. They can also make you feel all these emotions in a space of ten minutes. That is exactly what happens in Zefferellis film. In the beginning theres a little humour which suddenly changes and becomes serious.Then the foolish fun becomes ferocious fighting until Tybalt arrives and expresses his hatred for all Montagues which you could see by his facial expressions and hear by the words coming out of his mouth. Tybalt turns the ferocious fight into a barbaric battle and then the Prince comes and shows his disgust of the way the Capulets and Montagues are fighting which you can see by his facial expressions and body language, but in Luhrmanns version its a little different. First at the beginning theres joy and humour like Zefferellis, then a short while after the Montagues reach the gas station theres a little more humour but anger shown by the Capulets. Then suddenly it switches f rom humour and anger to anger and fear. As the camera starts to pan and show the expressions on their faces the tension slowly builds.Then, bam, it turns into a fight and you could clearly see the fear on the Montagues faces and the hatred in the Capulets eyes, and when Tybalt and Benvolio get caught by the police you could see the disappointment on Tybalts face and the relief on Benvolios. At the time you could see the anger in the policemans face because of all the damage they had caused. The show of emotions does help in a movie because it assists the audience on understanding the film. In Zefferellis version the emotions the characters show get you to understand them and whats happening because of the slow panning and the time taken to show their expressions which slowly builds up tension. In Luhrmanns film though it is passions and emotions of the characters that help the audience indulge.Both films are fabulous remakes but both have their highs and lows. They have a great effe ct on audience overall. The effect Zefferellis version had overall, on me personally, is that it is a good film with humour that is more realistic in showing how Shakespeares play was but it is more for the forty years and older generation. At the same time it has some magnificent acting and its easy to keep up with. Luhrmanns overall effect, on me once again, is that it is also a good film with humour but is more a modern film for the fifteen and up generation because of the personality of the characters, the colours, the sword guns and the action and explosions.The acting, however, is terrible but can be overlooked because of the action. Overall they both are stupendous films with glorious opening sequences, but in my opinion, the German Baz Luhrmanns 1996 version is better than the Italian Franco Zefferellis 1968 version. I prefer modern 20th century settings and action to old fashion 14th century settings and action even though the acting is better.

Explore Our Pointers For Choosing A Grade TOEFL Topics

Explore Our Pointers For Choosing A Grade TOEFL Topics TOEFL Essay: Choosing the Right Research Topics All the topics that we have covered in this article can be found in the fort edition official guide to the TOEFL. This book holds a good reputation so you should make an effort and grab it! If you are to take a TOEFL exam, I would advise you to get this book and use it as our guide. Let’s now focus on the list of topics   below for a TOEFL essay: Question no. 1 Looking in the modern world, the internet has become a sensation that many people use on a daily basis. This has made access to information quite easy as compared to the previous generation. What are the ways that these aspects extend the accessibility of data? How does this influence our everyday life? Question no. 2 Many students prefer classes that they feel free to express themselves, talk to the teacher and the lectures given are on the minimum. Concerning this, several students have a different opinion in that less open discussions, and more lectures are the perfect combination for success. In your own opinion, which of the two options is the best? For the support information, you will add, utilize precise incentives and occurrences. Question no. 3 Have a look at the provided statement: the best research can be done by the use of sources such as publications or articles, as compared to website sources. Do you agree or disagree with this notion? To provide support for your point of reason, make use of motivations and occurrences. Question no. 4 Brainstorm on the following statement: grades motivate a student to study. Do you agree or disagree with this insinuation? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 5 Take a look at the following account: while some people are content with the small countryside settlement, others prefer the big city life. Which of the two aspects do you align with? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 6 Think through on the following statement: the popularization of television is the reason for the destroyed communication between people. Do you agree or disagree with this point of reason? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 7 The people living around you are your neighbors.   In your own opinion, what characteristics define a good neighbor? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 8 In your own opinion do you think that the people living in North America have become too dependable on cars for movement purposes? Question no. 9 Imagine a situation that you are to choose a country abroad that you will stay for two weeks. Which country will be your preferred choice? If so, why? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 10 Some people prefer traveling with another group of people, while others prefer traveling alone. In which of the two options do you fall in? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 11 Think through on the following situation: a particular firm needs to choose between spending a specific amount of money to support artists and redirecting the same funds to environmental protection. In our opinion, which of the two alternatives should the firm finance? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 12 What strategy do you employ while trying to fix issues? While you at it do the strategy employed give youre your desired results? As a way of providing support to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 13 Use comparison and highlight the similarities and differences between your parents and your personal lifestyle. Based on the answer you get, in your opinion, which of the two lifestyles will be more gratifying even in the evolution of a new generation? Question no. 14 Humans these days have a prolonged life. Discuss the factors that influence this phenomenon. When drafting your paper, use brief but related motivations and instances. Question no. 15 A certain amount of people prefers spending money on things they are passionate about, while others are big time savers and have future goals that support this behavior. In your own opinion, which of the two options would you prefer? As a way of providing support to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 16 Most of the youths become university or college students based on the colossal amount of different motives (for example, they experience new things, acquire life skills, training for a career). In your opinion, what reason drives an individual to become a student? Question no. 17 What are the ways that someone’s actions are shaped by the TV shows and films they watch? As a way of providing support to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 18 Given a chance, what aspect of the town you come from would you like to change? As a way of providing support to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this Question no. 19 Humans can only be successful if they put in an effort to achieve their desired results. You cannot achieve success by luck. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 20 Think through on the following situation: colleges need to distribute the same amount of funds to sports activities, just like they do for their college libraries. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 21 Many people visit museums whenever they are in a new country. In your own opinion, why do people like museums, justify your basis using motivations and occurrences. Question no. 22 Do you agree or disagree on the following statement? it is prudent to raise your kids in a rural setting as compared to urban areas. Provide reasonable justification for the basis of your opinion using reliable occurrences and motivations. Question no. 23 Some people believe that our actions and activities destroy the planet. On the other hand, others believe that these actions are beneficial to the planet. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? As a way of providing a basis to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 24 Most people get jobs to earn a source of living and sustain their daily lives. Can you give out other reasons why people need jobs? Justify your opinion using motivations and occurrences that relate to this. Question no. 25 People use different actions to ensure they preserve their health. What actions do you employ in your life to stay healthy? Justify your opinion using motivations and instances. Question no. 26 Picture the following situation: you have recently found out that commercial buildings are being constructed near your residential place. Do you agree or disagree with this project? As a way of providing a footing to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 27 While some students find it as an advantage to study with a group of people, others prefer studying on their own.   Which of these two aspects would you favor? To justify your opinion, use motivations and instances suitable to address this. Question no. 28 While other people find comfort and pleasure through dining in restaurants and high tables, others prefer cooking in the comfort of their houses. Which of the two categories are you in? Justify this using motivations and instances. Question no. 29 As some people think that class attendance should be graded, others do believe that it should be facultative. Which of the two options would you agree with? For justification purposes of the support to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no.30 A number of people believes that studying is well done when someone is alone, rather than having a professor teaches and explains it.   However, others do think that a professor is an integral part of learning to ensure you achieve the desired and required educational wisdom.   Which of the two alternatives do you agree on? To justify the basis to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 31 In your own opinion, what are the characteristics that your employer should possess? As a way of justifying to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 32 As a rule, human beings enjoy a long life these days. What are the reasons behind this? As a way of providing a basis to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 33 When you get employment, you are bound to interact inevitably with several different types of people with different characters. From your perspective, what are the characteristics that a work colleague should have? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 34 Think through on the following situation: within 20 years, people will own less number of vehicles than they do today. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 35 Think through on the following situation: these days, many people spend most of their time entertaining themselves and having fun, more than they should be doing what needs to be done. Do you agree with this point of view?   As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 36 Think through on the following situation: life these days is simpler and less complicated as compared to the lives of our grandparents back in the days. Do you agree or disagree with this notion? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 37 Think through on the following situation: we can source good advice, and valuable lessons from people who hold a higher level of professional setting as compared to our peers do you agree or disagree with this? As a way of providing a basis to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 38 Think through on the following situation: one should never assimilate an important measure on their own. Do you agree or disagree with this? As a way of providing a foundation to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 39 Think through on the following situation: You recently found out that a new shopping mall was to be constructed near your residential area. Do you agree or disagree with this move? As a way of providing a basis to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this. Question no. 40 Think through on the following situation: in some situation, it is advisable to lie. Do you agree or disagree with this? As a way of providing a footing to your opinion, use motivations and occurrences suitable to address this.

Autobiographical Sketch of the Political Career Of John F. Kennedy

Virtually all of my early life revolved around politics, and both my older brother and I understood we were meant for high office. My father, Joseph P. Kennedy often said that his son would be America’s first Catholic president. He would prove to be prophetic. After the war, in 1946, I conducted my first campaign for congress (jfk library n.d.), enlisting the help of my sisters, my mother and my popular grandfather, going door-to-door on crutches as I recovered from my war wounds. I was elected on my first try. My goal from the beginning was the presidency of the United States and I used my family’s money and political connections toward that end. I first had to have a national platform and I chose to seek a seat in the U.S. Senate. I was elected in 1953 and immediately began my assault on the next obstacle. In 1956 I broke a tradition of the Democratic Party by actively seeking the nomination for vice-present on the ticket headed by Adlai Stevenson (White House.gov n.d.). My brother Robert once joked that that I have been saved from that mistake by being denied the nomination, as Stevenson lost to the sitting president, Dwight Eisenhower, in a landslide. Still this honed my political skills and allowed me to build a national base for my assault on the presidential nomination in four years. In 1960 I was elected 35th president of the United States in the closest election ever conducted, narrowly beating out the sitting vice-president, Richard Nixon (ibid). On November 22 of 1963 I made an ill-fated trip to Texas to mend some political fences within the party. I over-rode the advice of my security detail, which wanted me to ride in a limo with a bulletproof canopy. I wanted the crowd to have a better view of my wife and me as we drove past them on the narrow streets of Dallas on a beautiful sunny day.   As we were clear of the downtown canyon shots rang out and I was assassinated as my wife and a cheering crowd looked on in horror. I was the youngest man ever elected president and the youngest man to die in office. Works Cited John F. Kennedy Library and Museum     Biographies and Profiles: Kenneth P. O’Donnell   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Kenneth+P.+ODonnell.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House  Ã‚   John Kennedy   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html Autobiographical Sketch of the Political Career Of John F. Kennedy Virtually all of my early life revolved around politics, and both my older brother and I understood we were meant for high office. My father, Joseph P. Kennedy often said that his son would be America’s first Catholic president. He would prove to be prophetic. After the war, in 1946, I conducted my first campaign for congress (jfk library n.d.), enlisting the help of my sisters, my mother and my popular grandfather, going door-to-door on crutches as I recovered from my war wounds. I was elected on my first try. My goal from the beginning was the presidency of the United States and I used my family’s money and political connections toward that end. I first had to have a national platform and I chose to seek a seat in the U.S. Senate. I was elected in 1953 and immediately began my assault on the next obstacle. In 1956 I broke a tradition of the Democratic Party by actively seeking the nomination for vice-present on the ticket headed by Adlai Stevenson (White House.gov n.d.). My brother Robert once joked that that I have been saved from that mistake by being denied the nomination, as Stevenson lost to the sitting president, Dwight Eisenhower, in a landslide. Still this honed my political skills and allowed me to build a national base for my assault on the presidential nomination in four years. In 1960 I was elected 35th president of the United States in the closest election ever conducted, narrowly beating out the sitting vice-president, Richard Nixon (ibid). On November 22 of 1963 I made an ill-fated trip to Texas to mend some political fences within the party. I over-rode the advice of my security detail, which wanted me to ride in a limo with a bulletproof canopy. I wanted the crowd to have a better view of my wife and me as we drove past them on the narrow streets of Dallas on a beautiful sunny day.   As we were clear of the downtown canyon shots rang out and I was assassinated as my wife and a cheering crowd looked on in horror. I was the youngest man ever elected president and the youngest man to die in office. Works Cited John F. Kennedy Library and Museum     Biographies and Profiles: Kenneth P. O’Donnell   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Kenneth+P.+ODonnell.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The White House  Ã‚   John Kennedy   Retrieved 3-2-08 from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html

Travel and Tourism Industry of London Assignment

Travel and Tourism Industry of London - Assignment Example Chapter 3 Methodology 25 3.1 Introductions 25 3.2 Quantitative research 26 3.3 Qualitative research 27 3.4 Analysis 28 3.5 London: A Haven for Connoisseur 30 Chapter 4 Questionnaire (Finding and Analysis) 31 4.1 Introductions 31 4.2 Front Office Manager 31 4.3 F&B Manager 32 4.4 Kitchen 32 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 33 Bibliography 34 Appendices 36 ALL THE TABLES AND FIGURES Tables and figures 1.0 Introduction The travel and tourism industry is among the oldest and largest industry in the world, and the industry has been growing significantly faster than most other industries. Globalisation has led to the increase in travel across the globe, and to meet additional demands for accommodation and food, hotels and motels have come up in a big way. The general economic vitality of a country is an important consideration because an indication of its economic condition will be reflected in such factors as consumer demand and prices. In scanning the economic environment, the following factors deserve consideration: 1. Gross National Product (GNP). This refers to the total market value of goods and services produced in a country per year and its growth rate. 2. Income distribution refers to the level of consumer's income and his/her buying power 3. Foreign exchange rates are an essential component of the traveller, as he/she will have to carry foreign exchange during travel between countries. 4. Monetary and fiscal policies and exchange controls must be considered, as there are countries that limit the amount of money that can be withdrawn from their country as well as impose large payments for international transactions, like joint ventures and entry into a... There are many business tactics that can be employed to bring about operational changes to manage talent effectively, such as identifying role models, eliminating biased policies and procedures, providing equal opportunities, training and development, and conducting workshops for employees to increase performance and production (David Pappie, p.103, 2006). The travel and tourism industry is among the oldest and largest industry in the world, and the industry has been growing significantly faster than most other industries. Globalisation has led to the increase in travel across the globe, and to meet additional demands for accommodation and food, hotels and motels have come up in a big way. The general economic vitality of a country is an important consideration because an indication of its economic condition will be reflected in such factors as consumer demand and prices. In scanning the economic environment, the following factors deserve consideration: 4. Monetary and fiscal policies and exchange controls must be considered, as there are countries that limit the amount of money that can be withdrawn from their country as well as impose large payments for international transactions, like joint ventures and entry into a country. 5.

Art History Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art History Final Project - Essay Example The Italian Renaissance is one of the longest periods of art. The Italian renaissance started from the 14th century to the 16th century. Italian Renaissance marks the development of art from the medieval period to early European Modern paintings. Why then are there only a few paintings existing today that were painted during this period? Well, the answer is quite simple. Since the world had not yet experienced globalization during this era, only a few paintings were spared and saved during this era. However, there were many painters in this era but only a few of them became famous. Most painters during this period, and the art periods before this did not gain fame from their art. This also explains the reason that Italian Renaissance paintings are rare and very expensive when compared to newer paintings. Italian Renaissance began in the city of Florence. Florence also developed the appreciation of art in value, when the rich people of Florence started viewing art as a valuable item. This then led to painters and artists viewing art as not only a hobby but also a way to make money (Benton & DiYanni 47). During this period of art, artists began viewing art as not only a part-time hobby but they made it a full-time job. This way, artists began to dedicate all their intellect, passion and time to painting thus improving the nature of their artworks from simple art forms to realist paintings. The Renaissance era also created a platform for genius painters to improve their skills, specializing more in art development. Innovative ideas and new ways of painting began to develop amongst many painters. Another major characteristic about the era was the fact that it not only led to improvement of art, but also the development of a philosophy termed as humanism. Humanism made people to question the wisdom and knowledge they had acquired and

A Usability Study for Promoting E-Content Essay Example for Free

A Usability Study for Promoting E-Content Essay Electronic content or e-content is defined by creating, providing, and distributing information as a digitized content. It is produced and stored electronically rather than in printed form. E-contents use in education can be in the form of e-journals, e-books, e-research reports, e-lecture modules, e-lecture notes and e-lecture slides. E-content has a huge potential in future education. Many higher education institutions publish books, research reports, lecture modules, theses and other information for academic purposes, but they are usually in print-form rather than electronic. Although, there are compelling reasons why these printed publication should be in electronic form. E-content use in education benefits from hyperlinking, non linearity, addition of multimedia, portability, and automatic searching. Hyperlinking is where contents can be linked to other pages inside and outside the book. Users can determine the order of accessing information by non-linearity. The addition of multimedia in presentation has been enhanced by the introduction of information types such as, sound and video. The data density has also been reduced where, storage capacity is decreased due to less storage of printed contents, while portability of information has increased. Searching for useful contents is enhanced by the ability of the users to locate any information instantly via e-content. As a whole, the usage of e-content requires less effort, thus making it more easier than printed contents. The outcome of some studies suggest that the involvement with computers through the use of e-content can promote positive attitude towards learning and higher achievement among learners. Studies also show that computer based learning leads to a significant increase in in the learners performance in reading, computer knowledge, mathematics and grammar. There is a huge potential in marketing e-contents to students through the internet. They can take advantage of this technology in which students can get fast access to study materials at a cheaper cost. Promoting, publishing and marketing e-contents are accomplished through electronic bookstores such as, E-campus.com, Amazon.com and e-libraries for instance e-Library.com. It serves as a portal for the e-content community and readers who are seeking information. E-content has a huge potential in increasing the satisfaction of students as well as academics. Many higher education institutions are introducing electronic learning environment through the web to their students. It is believed that,e-content can help promote academics work worldwide and assist students to immediate access to lecture notes, modules, and textbooks.

Langston Hughes Biography :: essays research papers

Langston Hughes was born at the turn of the century. Hughes spent a rootless childhood moving from place to place with his mother who was separated from his father. During one year in high school, Hughes spent time with his father in Mexico, a light-skinned man who found an escape from racism in ranching. It was in that very high school that Hughes wrote his first poem after being elected â€Å"class poet† by his fellow classmates. His father was James Nathaniel Hughes, a man who studied law but was unable to take the examination for the bar because he was black. His mother was Carrie Hughes, a woman who studied at the University of Kansas, in an ongoing struggle to earn a living outside of domestic labor. With aid from his father, Hughes attended Columbia University, but soon became disgusted with university life and immersed himself in his first love—the poetry, jazz and blues of Harlem. Hughes supported himself in odd jobs like being a nightclub doorman while he traveled to places like West Africa, Italy, and Paris. During this time, Hughes wrote poems that earned him a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His first published poem was also one of his most famous, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", which was published in The Brownie’s Book. Some of the poems by Hughes provide political protests or social criticism, while others depict poverty, prejudice, and hopelessness in the life of an African American in Harlem. Later, his poems, short plays, essays, and short stories appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine; they were also showcased in Opportunity Magazine as well as other publications. One of Hughes' finest essays appeared in print in 1926, entitled "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain.† His grandmother, Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston, was very prominent in the African American community of Lawrence, Kansas.

Political Philosophy of the Philippines Essay

Graft and Corruption has always been a big problem for the Philippines. Many presidents (if not all) in the past, are solidly accused of creating and approving projects of which the budget is way more than the necessary expenses and way more than the outcome. Some are accused of accepting bribes from various groups of big syndicates that operate lottery illegally. Some of these presidents were greatly affected by all these accusations about their governance that they resort to forced resignation, but some were brave enough to stand by their government and stay seated in the throne despite all the allegations thrown against them. I know that this administration has been very consistent in telling the people about their prime focus for the next six years of the Aquino governance, and that is a government that is free of corruption. From the time of the 2010 presidential elections until now, it has always been the greatest advocacy of President Aquino. For this year’s State of the Nation Address, the President took time to emphasize all the lapses and anomalies of the previous administration that were discovered in the early part of the present administration. There were investigations and inspections done to know where all the money of the national budget had gone. And they discovered that there are a lot of questionable releases of budgets. President Aquino also shared their solution to all these arising questions like appointing a Truth commission, who will lead the investigations regarding all the questionable budget approval of the previous administration. Also, included in the State of the Nation Address are the different strategies that are considered by the government to answer the rising problem of unemployment in the country, the plans for the Philhealth, the National Land Use Bill, and many more. For me, this is a good way to start the 6-year governance of this administration. Corruption is now in the minds of the people as something that is tearing this country apart, as something that is bringing the people down and as something that is inevitable to any administration. But with the strong determination and the strong will that this government is showing the people against corruption, they are gaining the trust of the people and with trust comes the support, which is for me an important part in any government. The fight of the government against corruption is something that the people appreciates because they have witnessed how life is with a corrupt leader, and with this fight the people sees a new light, they see a hope that there really could be a bright future for all of us. I also would like to emphasize that this philosophy of the government if pursued well, could actually bring a big big change in the state of the country today, more funds to go to proper projects for the people. But the question still remains. Can they really eliminate corruption within the government? Of course I am not against the capacity of the government to execute all their plans against corruption, but the government is a big institution and the president cannot do it all by himself. He would need the support and participation of all the employees from the highest position in the palace to the smallest rank in all the branches of the government. This philosophy is great but we need to impose it properly so that all the plans will not go into waste and so that we will all benefit from it.

Kalimunda Hakim Internship Report 2012

1 INTERNSHIP REPORT MTN RWANDA PO BOX 264 BY Kalimunda Hakim Student At RTUC Bachelor In Business Information Technologies _____________________ SUPERVISED BY Aymard Mbonabucya Information & Network Security Administrator _____________________ FROM 26 November, 2012 TO 15 January, 2013 INTERNSHIP REPORT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply intended to almighty God who has protected me through the whole period of internship.My special thanks are addressed to the MTN RWANDA administration for giving me such opportunity of passing an internship in their company, My sincere acknowledgement go to the Human resource Director Merry Assimwe for their acceptance of my intern . Thank you for all. I am grateful to my Supervisor Aymard MBONABUCYA for being a best man I have ever known and his modesty, encouragement and understanding s on all my daily questions and answer it because of his spiritual and technical support; I used to became free to ask any question regarding network because he is very goo d at networking, may thanks be given to him.I finally thank all MTN staff in technology department for their good collaboration during this very important internship. INTERNSHIP REPORT 3 PREFACE The purpose of this report is to fulfill the internship requirement for the Bachelor degree in Business Information Technology program at Rwanda Tourism University College ; to till 15 January, 2013) with a private organizations in Rwanda called MTN RWANDA. successes and short. explain what I did achieved and learned during my internship period (26 November, 2012 The report focuses primarily on intern’s duties and responsibilities, internship results, its INTERNSHIP REPORT 4 About MTN RwandaMTN is a global communications company and world-class cellular network. empowerment. As a major communications company, MTN is specifically focused on the Africa and the Middle East. We believe that through access to communication comes economic Serving you since 1998, MTN Rwanda continues to expa nd its network, offer new and innovative packages and services and keep up with the latest trends in communications while maintaining affordability. MTN Mobile Money has transacted over US$36 million Bulk Payment Services. MTN Rwanda has over 2. 9 million subscribers and its network coverage extends to over 98% of the population. ince its launch in 2010. The payment platform is now offering Cash Power Top-up and INTERNSHIP REPORT 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PREFACE. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. 1. OVERVIEW OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. II. 2. CONCEPTS OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ?II. 2. CONCEPTS OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 CHAPTER II. PRESENATION ON SWITCHING AND ROUTING CONCEPTS AND CONFIGURATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF SWITCHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. NETWORK LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 3. CORE LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT †¦. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. IV. 4 SWITCH PASSWORD RECOVERY II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW ON VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) II. IV. 5. FIREWALL PASSWORD RECOVERY II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..INTERNSHIP REPORT 6 INTERNSHIP REPORT 7 Chapter 2. Presentation on switching, routing concepts and configuration II. 1. OVERVIEW OF SWITCH What is switching? Networking concept has two basic concepts and they are Switching and Routing . They using one of these methods. are fundamental concepts in Networking ,other topics like network security are based on these concept. Routing and Switching are the base packet or data delivering methods in When we are talking about the switching ,the protocols and concepts are related to the layer 2 and data packets with in this layer that are called frame . re bigger and bigger and also more expensive. 10base5, 10base-T for cabling were used . . Better switches have more choices than 2 condition and because of this capacity, they In Networking there is a long history for switches. At first time the direct connection network and each device like router , switch , hub , firewall , proxy , cash server, modem are As you know the switch refers to the device that can select one condition from 2 or more conditions .For example an electrical switch can select 0 as turn off and select 1 for turn on between to or more computer used to make a network and such technology like 10base2, In those technologies , the base topology was BUS Technology and the most advanced of more devices for sending and receiving data , and when a device wants to send data for figure below we can see a logical view to a hub and the meaning of bus . II. 2. CONCEPTS OF SWITCHING this technology is HUB. A bus or data bus refers to the one link(shared link) between 2 or another device ,this bus should be empty and none of devices should not use the bus . In INTERNSHIP REPORT FIGURE 1: SWITCH II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF SWITCHING Command switch>? switch>enable switch# switch#disable switch>exit switch#show version switch#show flash: switch#show mac-addresstable switch#show running-config switch# show startup-config switch#show vlan switch#show interfaces switch#show interface vlan1 descriptions The ? works here the same as in a router Used to get the list of all available commands User mode, same as a router Privileged mode Leaves privileged mode Leaves user mode Displays information about software and hardware. Displays information about flash memory (will work only for the 2900/2950 series).Displays the current MAC address forwarding table . Displays the current configuration in DRAM. Displays the current configuration in NVRAM. Displays the current VLAN configuration. Displays the interface configuration and status of line: up/up, up/down, admin down. Displays setting of virtual interface VLAN 1, the default VLAN on the switch. INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 II. II. 1. OVERVIEW OF ROUTING is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (circuit switching technology.R outers switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks using packet II. II. 2. CONCEPTS OF ROUTING Whereas switches and bridges operate at OSI Layer 2 (the data link layer), routers primarily operate at OSI Layer 3 (the network layer). Like bridging, make the forwarding decisions. Routers make decisions based on network layer protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell NetWare Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX). growing beyond the capability of bridges. Before this popularity, networ he primary act of routing involves moving packets across a network from a source to a destination. The difference involves the information that is used to Routing gained popularity in the mid- to late 1980s as a result of internetworks Figure 2: Image of Router II. II. 3. SOME CONFIGURATION OF ROUTING modes, and the resulting prompts. The prompt helps you identify which mode you are in and, therefore, which commands are available to you: Mode of Operation Usage Mode How to Enter the Prompt The following table describes some of the most commonly used modes, how to enter the INTERNSHIP REPORT 10User EXEC Change terminal settings on a temporary basis, perform basic tests, and list system information. First level accessed. Router> Privileged EXEC Global Config System administration, set operating parameters. Modify configuration that affect the system as a whole. Modify the operation of an interface. Create the initial configuration. From user EXEC mode, enter enable password command Interface Config Setup From privileged EXEC, enter configure terminal. From global mode, enter interface type number. Router# Router(config)# Router(config-if)# Prompted dialog From privileged EXEC mode, enter command setup. User EXEC Mode:When you are connected to the router, you are started in user EXEC mode. The user EXEC commands are a subset of the privileged EXEC commands. P rivileged EXEC Mode: Privileged commands include the following: †¢ Configure – Changes the software configuration. Enter the command disable to exit from the privileged EXEC mode and return to user EXEC mode. †¢ Debug – Display process and hardware event messages. †¢ Setup – Enter configuration information at the prompts. INTERNSHIP REPORT 11 Configuration Mode Configuration mode has a set of submodes that you use for modifying interface settings, routing protocol settings, line settings, and so forth.Use caution with configuration mode because all changes you enter take effect immediately. Note: To enter configuration mode, enter the command configure terminal and exit by pressing Ctrl-Z. Almost every configuration command also has a no form. In general, use the no form to disable a feature or function. Use the command without the keyword no to re-enable a disabled feature or to enable a feature that is disabled by default. For example, IP routin g is enabled by default. To disable IP routing, enter the no ip routing command and enter ip routing to re-enable it.INTERNSHIP REPORT 12 Getting Help In any command mode, you can get a list of available commands by entering a question mark (? ). To obtain a list of commands that begin with a particular character sequence, type in those characters followed immediately by the question mark (? ). Router#co? configure connect copy Router>? To list keywords or arguments, enter a question mark in place of a keyword or argument. Include a space before the question mark. Router#configure ? memory Configure from NV memory network Configure from a TFTP network host terminal Configure from the terminalYou can also abbreviate commands and keywords by entering just enough characters to make the command unique from other commands. For example, you can abbreviate the show command to sh. INTERNSHIP REPORT 13 Configuration Files Any time you make changes to the router configuration, you must save t he changes to memory because if you do not they will be lost if there is a system reload or power outage. There are two types of configuration files: the running (current operating) configuration and the startup configuration. Use the following privileged mode commands to work with configuration files. show running-config – display the running configuration. †¢ show startup-config – display the startup configuration. †¢ configure terminal – modify the running configuration manually from the terminal. †¢ copy running-config startup-config – copy the running configuration to the startup configuration. †¢ copy startup-config running-config – copy the startup configuration to the running configuration. †¢ erase startup-config – erase the startup-configuration in NVRAM. †¢ copy tftp running-config – load a configuration file stored on a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server into the running configuratio n. copy running-config tftp – store the running configuration on a TFTP server. INTERNSHIP REPORT 14 IP Address Configuration Take the following steps to configure the IP address of an interface. Step 1: Enter privileged EXEC mode: Router>enable password Router#config terminal Example: Example, Step 2: Enter the configure terminal command to enter global configuration mode. Step 3: Enter the interface type slot/port (for Cisco 7000 series) or interface type port (for Cisco 2500 series) to enter the interface configuration mode. Step 4: Enter the IP address and subnet mask of the interface using the ip address ipaddress subnetmask command.Step 5: Exit the configuration mode by pressing Ctrl-Z Router(config-if)#[Ctrl-Z Router (config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 10. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Router (config)#interface ethernet 0/1 II. III. NETWORK LAYER II. III. 1. OVERVIEW OF NETWORK LAYER INTERNSHIP REPORT II. III. 2. CISCO HIERARCHIAL LAYER 15 Hierarchy has many of the same benefits in network design that it does in other areas of life. When used properly, it makes networks more predictable. It helps us define at which levels of hierarchy we should perform certain functions.Likewise, you can use tools such as access lists at certain levels in hierarchical networks and avoid them at others. large networks can be extremely complicated, with multiple protocols, detailed configurations, and diverse technologies. Hierarchy helps us summarize a complex collection of details into an understandable model. Then, as specific configurations are needed, the model dictates the appropriate manner to apply them. The Cisco hierarchical model can help you design, implement, and maintain a scalable, reliable, cost-effective hierarchical internetwork.The following are the three layers: ? ? ? FIGURE 3 : CISCONHIERARCHIAL Each layer has specific responsibilities. However, that the three layers are logical and are not necessarily physical devices. Consider the OSI model, another logica l hierarchy. The seven layers describe functions but not necessarily protocols. Now, let's take a closer look at each of the layers. II. III. 3. CORE LAYER the core layer is responsible for transporting large amounts of data quickly The Core layer or Backbone The Distribution layer The Access layer and reliably.The designer must ensure that the core layer is designed with fault tolerance, especially because all users in the network can be affected by a failure. The ability to avoid unnecessary delays INTERNSHIP REPORT in network traffic quickly becomes a top priority for the network designer. What Happens at the Core Layer? 16 The core layer is sometimes called the network backbone. Routers and switches at the core layer provide high-speed connectivity. In an enterprise LAN, the core layer, shown in Figure 1-7, may connect multiple buildings or multiple sites, and may provide connectivity to the server farm.Goals of the Core Layer The core layer design enables the efficient, high-sp eed transfer of data between one section of the network and another. The primary design goals at the core layer are as follows: – Provide 100% uptime. -Maximize throughput. -Facilitate network growth. Core Layer Technologies Technologies used at the core layer include the following: – Routers or multilayer switches that combine routing and switching in the same device -Redundancy and load balancing – High-speed and aggregate links II. III. 4. DISTRIBUTION LAYERThe distribution layer is sometimes referred to as the workgroup layer and is the major communication point between the access layer and the core. The primary function of the distribution layer is to provide routing, filtering, and WAN access and to determine how packets can access the core, if needed. The distribution layer must determine the fastest way that network service requests are handled; for example, how a file request is forwarded to a server. After the distribution layer determines the best pat h, it forwards the request to the core layer. The core layer then quickly transports the request to the correct service.II. III. 5. ACCESS LAYER The access layer controls user and workgroup access to internetwork resources. The access layer is sometimes referred to as the desktop layer. The network resources most users need will be available locally. The distribution layer handles any traffic for remote services. INTERNSHIP REPORT The following are some of the functions to be included at the access layer: ? ? ? 17 Technologies such as DDR and Ethernet switching are frequently seen in the access layer. Static routing is seen here as well. As already noted, three separate levels does not imply three separate routers.It could be fewer, or it could be more. Remember, this is a layered approach. II. IV. NETWORK DESIGN CONCEPT My second part of my internship dealt with network design concept. In this I have been able to read different theories of network design from eBooks downloaded from the internet, doing exercises on subnetting, VLSM and VLANs and finally I had opportunity to do some practices on network documentation and laboratories on virtual LAN. II. IV. 1. THEORIES ON NETWORK DESIGN Designing a network for a better performance of data access and resource sharing of any institution is an extremely important thing to consider.I learned different concept of designing a network whether by reading eBooks or discussing it with my supervisor. A good network design is composed of four parts in general: Continued access control and policies Creation of separate collision domains Workgroup connectivity into the distribution layer through layer 2 switching Identification of customer’s needs and goals: In this part you deal with identifying business goals and technical requirements which include the task of characterizing the existing network, analysis of the network traffic. Logical network design: Here, it’s all about developing a network topology.Durin g this phase, you devise a network layer addressing model, and selects switching and routing protocols. It also includes security planning, network management design. Finally you make a study of the service provider on how he can meet your WAN and remote access requirements Physical network design: The physical design phase deals with specific technologies and products to realize the logical design. It starts with the selection of technologies and devices for campus networks that includes cabling, Ethernet switches, wireless access points, wireless bridges, and routers.There is also a selection of technologies and devices for remote-access and WAN needs. INTERNSHIP REPORT Testing, Optimizing and Documentation: The final step is to write and implement a test plan, build a prototype or pilot, optimize the network design, and document your work with a network design proposal. If your test results indicate any performance problems, then during this phase you have to update your design t o include such optimization features. 18 In all this different network design steps, I have been able to do some practices on logical network design where I did exercises on subnetting, VLAN as network management requires it.II. IV. 2. OVERVIEW VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) Definition A VLAN (Virtual Local Network) is a logically separate IP subnetwork. VLANs allow multiple IP networks and subnets to exist on the same-switched network. A VLAN is a logical broadcast domain that can span multiple physical LAN segments. It allows an administrator to group together stations by logical function. A VLAN has three major functions: i. Limits the size of broadcast domains ii. Improves network performance ii. Provides a level of securitySecurity – Security of sensitive data are separated from the rest of the network, decreasing the chances of confidential information breaches. Advantages of VLAN: Higher performance – Division of Layer 2 networks into multiple logical workgro ups (broadcast domains) reduces unnecessary traffic on the network and boosts performance. Cost reduction – Cost savings result from less need for expensive network upgrades and more on this network. Types of VLAN There are different types of VLANs. The type of network traffic they carry defines a particular type of VLAN and others INTERNSHIP REPORT 9 names due to the type or a specific function the VLAN performs. The following describes common VLAN: Default VLAN At the initial boot up of the switch, All switch ports become a member of the default VLAN, which makes them all part of the same broadcast domain. This allows any network device connected to any of the switch port to communicate with other devices on other switch ports. On Cisco switches the default VLAN is VLAN 1. VLAN 1 has all the features of any VLAN, except that you cannot rename or delete it. Data VLAN A data VLAN that can also be referred to as user VLAN.This is configured to carry only usergenerated traffic. The importance of separating user data from other type of VLAN is proper switch management and control. Native VLAN A native VLAN is assigned to trunk port. An trunk port supports traffic coming from many VLANs as well as traffic that do not come from a VLAN. The trunk port places untagged traffic (traffic that does not come from a VLAN) on the native VLAN. In summary, the native VLAN observes and identifies traffic coming from each end of a trunk link. Management VLAN A management VLAN is any VLAN you configure to access the management capabilities of a switch.Your configured management VLAN is to be assign with an IP address and subnet mask. Any of a switch VLAN could be configured as the management VLAN if you has not configured or define a unique VLAN to serve as the management VLAN. In some cases, a network administrator proactively defines VLAN 1 as the management VLAN; this enables a loophole for an unauthorized connection to a switch. Voice VLAN Voice VLAN is configured to carry voice traffic. Voice VLANs are mostly given transmission priority over other types of network traffic. Communication over the network is not complete without phone calls.More calls are made over the network than other forms of a message transmission. Sending emails and text messages are also forms of inter-relations but listening to a real voice provides legitimacy and assurance. SOME EXAMPLE OF VLAN INTERNSHIP REPORT There I was design a network that are composed with 1 router ,2 switch ,6machine. 20 And each switch have 3 computer . one switch to three machine . on the network we have default vlan ,native vlan ,management vlan. Management vlan can control other machine on network. this network have the vlan and trunk . e have design it by using a outils that called packet tracer FIGURE 4: DESIGN OF A NETWORK Example of same machine i ping Machine ip 196. 168. 40. 105 are pinging a switch3 ip address 196. 168. 40. 106 INTERNSHIP REPORT 21 FIGURE 5 : Command Prompt INTERNSHIP REPORT 22 II. IV. 3. ROUTER PASSWORD RECOVERY 1. Connect the router to the PC using a console cable/port. 2. Open an emulation software (Hyper Terminal or Terra Term or Secure CRT, Putty) + setup (Com port and bits=9600, etc. ) 3. Switch on the router HOLDING DOWN CTRL + BREAK (keys) a. The router will boot and display the ROMMON prompt (Rommon;) 4.Type the CONFREG command to view current status 5. Change the configuration register (this is a hexadecimal number that tells the IOS where to fetch the configuration file. 0x142 bypasses the NVRAM contents, 0x2102 gets the configuration file from the NVRAM) a. Rommon;confreg 0x142 b. Reset (reboot i. e. power-cycle the router) The router will boot in normal but asking for a new configuration. 6. Router; (after saying NO to the configuration wizard) 7. Go to privilege mode (enable) and copy the startup-config to the running-config (Router#copy startup-config running-config).This will load the configuration with an unkown password back to RAM). 8. As you are already in privilege, the unkown password won’t prevent you from changing the configuration. You can now change the privilege password (LAB#config t ; LAB(config)#enable secret cisco). Also change the console and vty passwords. 9. Change the configuration register back to 0x2102 (LAB(config)# config-register 0x2102) then reload (in privilege mode). 10. Save your configuration. (LAB#copy running-config startup-config or write memory ~ wr) INTERNSHIP REPORT

Mtv

Mtv MTV I think first off that MTV has given teens a television show that is much better than some of the other shows out there. Instead of watching violence on television they can watch music videos on it and see competitions on it. MTV, I think shows a positive attitude on it. You never hear anyone on MTV saying to cut school or do violent acts instead they say do this and that to win prizes and it's good prizes which would keep them off the streets and out of danger. Some may say that it has sexually gotten worse but in fact that's what it is out there. Wherever you go that is what you see, so if parents have problems with that then they shouldn't be sending them to party's, beaches, or even the movies because you will see something wherever you go. I really think it's unfair how parents put down MTV.Logotipo do canal MTV Shows

Multicultural education scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multicultural education scenario - Essay Example How multicultural education would be deemed as effective here totally depends on my undertakings. I would have to find out the exact ways through which their understanding of education would increase and make them feel comfortable with the studies at hand. This will propel them to attain education at their best and thus move ahead with the basics of their respective lives in a reasonable way. I would find out how they will be more effective than they are at the present, and thus offer them solutions which are based on pure logic and comprehension. For making them realize that education is the key to open any lock within their lives, I would ensure that education is instilled within them in a very hassle-free way, so is the case with the 4 students who are having special needs and have to bring in a great amount of hard work with each passing day of their lives. It is important to know that the children who hail from the poorest of backgrounds would have to be considered for their edu cation norms more than anyone else. They would have to be given the special emphasis which is direly required in this day and age. Within the aegis of the classroom, these students would be supported by encouragement and special efforts shall be made to let them get acquainted with the other students in the classroom as well. What remains important however is a vision to move ahead in life and find out about its different nuances through hard work, devotion and complete commitment coming to the fore. The types of activities that could be done within the classroom include the making up of groups which shall comprise of students from different backgrounds so that they have a better understanding and interaction levels with one another. This would set the ball rolling as far as their respective domains are concerned, and they would feel better at interacting with the ones who are present within their respective groups. Role-play could be deemed as one of the most looked after propositi ons within the activities that could be inculcated within the classroom understandings, and this shall pave the way for the future success of the classroom in the long run. Each group could allow the others (groups) to learn more because each of these would be able to bring in the very best with the changing activities that they have been offered with. The groups would therefore tie in the results with the comprehension that has been reached upon, as it will assist in a better understanding of how things shape up within their respective realms and how serious consideration should be paid towards realizing where the other group has derived its basis from, in the wake of reaching the desired results (Davis, 2007). The learning tangent is such an important one for the 21 students within this classroom setting because it teaches more than mere education; it makes them realize who they really are essentially. One of the most significant reasons behind preaching multicultural education li es in the fact that it does away with the ailment of stereotyping within the classroom. Nearly all of the students understand that stereotyping someone due to one’s diverse background or merely an ailment is not something which

Management and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Leadership - Assignment Example A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. charismatic E. referent 4. _____power is based on the capacity to control and provide valued rewards to others A. Legitimate B. Referent C. Reward D. Information E. Expert 5. As the sales manager, Kirk supervises the sales people, hands out bonuses to those who surpass quotas that he assigns, allots vacation time, and determines pay raises. To the sales people he manages, Kirk has___ power. A. legitimate B. expert C. award D. charismatic E. referent 6. As the office manager, Pat has the authority to dock someone's pay who got to work late, to suspend workers who are lazy, and to fire workers who are incompetent. In terms of the office personnel, Pat has _____ power. A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. coercive E. referent 7. ____power depends on the ability to punish others when they do not engage in desired behaviour. A. Legitimate B. Charismatic C. Coercive D. Referent E. Reward 8. During the recent power outage, the janitor was the o nly person who could find the steps and help the people on the eighth floor find their way out of the building. To the people on the eighth floor, the janitor had ____power during the blackout. A. legitimate B. expert C. information D. coercive E. referent 9.____ power is based on the possession of expertise that is valued by others A. Legitimate B. Charismatic C. Coercive D. Expert E. ... A. legitimate D. coercive B. expert E. referent C. information 11. ___ power results from being admired, personally identified with, or liked by others. A. Legitimate B. Information C. Coercive D. Referent E. Reward 12. The president of Hatfield Manufacturing Company threatened to fire all of his line personnel if they continued to ignore the new safety regulations. How will the employees most likely react to this threat? A. with resistance B. with commitment C. with agreement D. with submission E. with compliance 13. Jason is a stonemason who has worked on refurbishing the great cathedrals in Europe. He has agreed to help restore the small Gothic church in Hyatt if the workers want him to. Which would describe the most likely response from the other workers? A. Resistance B. commitment C. acceptance D. submission E. compliance 14. Intelligence, appearance, sociability, and extroversion an all examples of __ that may distinguish leaders from non-leaders. A. demographics B. psychograp hics C. personalities D. traits E. profile items 15. Which of the following statements about the study of leadership traits is true? A. Researchers have identified several traits that are associated with individuals who are recognized as leaders by others. B. For the most part, early research studied historical leaders. C. Most management experts believe that performance is more closely related to the traits leaders possess than the things leaders actually do. D. Recent studies have discovered certain traits that can be used in any situation to determine which individuals will be leaders. E. Researchers have always believed that the key to locating leaders was in the study of traits and have never abandoned this line of reasoning. 16. University of